Global Trade Imbalance

Introduction Balance of trade is referred as the distinction between monetary significance of imports and exports of output in an economy over a specific time. This is the correlation between exports and imports of a country. Global imbalances are the major contributors to the global crisis experienced today.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Global Trade Imbalance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since economic crises have moved from financial markets to actual economies in nations all over the globe, governments have reasonably paid attention on short term measures to control the damage. Crafting financial bailouts and stimulus packages to deal with immediate issues has been for various reasons a main concern for policy makers. Legislators must move beyond such steps and deal with the root cause of the crisis which is the imbalances between investment and savings in major nations. These imbalances are ca used by some nations like the United States when they run huge current accounts deficits while other nations like China uphold huge surpluses (Yuechun 1). The global economic imbalances related to the trade deficit of the United States are largely seen as a crucial underlying factor behind the Great depression as well as economic crisis of 2008. For many years, global trade has grown significantly much faster compared to the total global production. The development of the technological possibilities of capital flows and trade and the reduction of laws on the transportation of products and capital between different nations have made economies more open simultaneously as the nations have become increasingly interdependent. In the last few decades, the world growth has shown some extensive and significant patterns. Recent developments in the global economic imbalance After the 2nd world war, the western nations showed a rapid growth. At the present, Asia and most especially China has b een the growth winner. In the 1960s, the per capita income of Africa and Asia was the same however, since then these two continents have showed a discrepancy where Africa has not grown while Asia has largely developed. The fast developing nations have a lot of cheap labor but few natural resources.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The effect of this has always been increased costs on natural resources and reduced prices on manufactured products. This change in price has profited the nations which import manufactured products and export natural resources. Globalization has also increased global macroeconomic imbalances. A majority of developed nations have increased their foreign or public debt whereas China has had large surpluses of current accounts. At the moment, many people would agree that the current trade imbalances are the main cause of the current global fin ancial crisis and the economic imbalances are not sustainable. These differences are clearly indicated in the financial and monetary policies and associated financial issues between developed and developing countries. These diversities are very crucial to international trade which is why global imbalance in trade has been growing gradually. Global trade imbalance has become one of the harshest issues facing the normal growth of the global economy. With the development of economic globalization, imbalance of the global economy has increasingly become outstanding (Yuechun 1). Global economic imbalances are marked by external imbalance among nations in the areas of trade account, gaps between the rich and the poor, the global investments, and internal imbalances in the facets of saving, consumption, and debt as a result of macroeconomic policies in various nations. Currently, the issue of global imbalances has become the issue of annual reports of the main global economic organizations and the major subject of the major international conferences which fueled extensive debates in the circles of academics. The global imbalances emerge as the deficit of trade and balance of payment of America. The main cause of the deficits in America is the large surplus that some nations like China hold which are the results of globally undervaluing and controlling currencies.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Global Trade Imbalance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Global economic imbalances concern the trade deficit of the United States which is equal to the trade surplus of the rest of the globe. At the center of the global economy are nations like Europe, North America, and emerging economies which concentrate on exports. Recently, the resource exporting nations have run aggregate trade surplus on the back of the higher commodity prices. In the North American region, the United States has run huge tr ade deficits with trade partners of NAFTA including Mexico and Canada. Monetary policies and exchange rates The global economic crisis affects both the regulation of financial institutions and the macroeconomic policies; particularly policies of exchange rates and monetary policies both at the global and national levels. The past few decades have been marked by partial low inflation and macroeconomic volatility in the developed countries (Gerlach 1). This forced various central banks in both developing and developed nations to concentrate on domestic targets of inflation and national short term interest rates therefore enabling other vital elements like exchange rate to be totally determined by the market forces. The current financial crisis and the undesirable position of various economies with huge deficits of current accounts have indicated that the present structure for exchange rate and monetary policies produce provisionally a lucrative opportunity for exploratory actions whic h have destabilizing impact. Such an experience calls for more and better global economic coordination to stay away from imbalances of current account and undesirable trade. Owing to the looming depreciation and the depreciation of the American dollar, the United States trade deficit is diminishing. Nevertheless, in a majority of nations there is no correlation of the rates of exchange and neither is an end to the sight of destabilization speculations.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These speculations are still moving exchange rates in the wrong position in spite of increasing and large current account deficits experienced in various regions and nations. Managers of banks have been criticized for openly displaying uncontrolled lending and failure to pay attention to the risks facing their organizations. Policymakers are also sleeping on their jobs. Few decades ago, central bankers were praised for understanding inflation as well as the business cycle but this is no longer feted. The public would blame this on the global imbalances including the pattern of a huge and relentless deficit of current accounts in the United States (Gerlach 1). Bad incentives, careless controls, and inactive regulation all have done simple damage to the global economic system. However, economic imbalances were the major cause of the whole problem. A numerous number of academicians and regulators are convinced that global economic imbalance is the source of the present financial crisis . Savings and investments Economists had previously predicted that the United States would destabilize its economy through borrowing from other countries. Since 1992, the current account has been indicating a downward trend. In the year 2006, the United States needed to sell assets or borrow from other countries in order to pay for the continuous shortages. Deficits should not be harmful and most particularly if they fund profitable investment. Concerns came from economists and other citizens that the consumption increase of the United States would take the nation into deeper problems because other nations would be hesitant to lend to America. This would cause a sudden stoppage of financing and a fall in the value of the dollar. China recently has faced increased political challenges with the constant growth of its economy. From the beginning of 2004, external imbalances have increased geographically and there has been a significant change in the rates of investment and savings. How ever, the large pattern which developed after 1996 is still in existence. The America’s current account deficit has further broadened in the last few years. The increase of the United States deficit basically shows an increase in the rates of investment from 19% in 2004 to 20% in 2006. The saving rate of America did not change in this period (Drysdale 1). In the meantime, $350 billion is the amount by which the total current account surplus of emerging market economies expanded and about all the economic expansion was accredited to an increased total saving rate. China is the main contributor of a large fraction of this increased development because it had an increased surplus of current account of approximately 3.6% $180 billion in 2004 which grew to in 2004 to 9.4% of GDP in 2006. This increase in the current account surplus of China is accredited to the increase in the rate of saving between these two years (Drysdale 1). Contributing to the high rates of saving is the fast growth rate in China causing a rapid growth of income whereas there is no readily available credit of customers. Another factor which contributes to the high rates of saving in China is the decision by the regulators to restrict the appreciation of the currency hence, limiting the demand of imports and increasing exports. Oil prices and Oil exporters The increase in the prices of oil has been followed by a large increase in the prices of a variety of other products. This collective increase in price has pushed the CPI up in various developing and developed nations. A part from their effect on the CPI, increase in oils prices also impacted the prices of other products for which oil is a vital intermediate element. This raises an alarm among those in charge of monetary policy and has promoted calls for thorough pre-emptive action by the central banks against the acceleration of the inflation. In emerging market nations, the growth of the total balance of current accounts has been con tributed by oil exporters. For the nations in the Middle East as well as the former Soviet Union the total balance of current account between 2004 and 2006 increased to about $150 billion (Gerlach 1). This increase is also wholly reflected by a growth in the rates of savings a huge fraction of the increased revenue which comes from increased oil prices since continues to be saved by exporters of oil (Gerlach 1). Contrary to the case in developing markets, the aggregate surplus of current account for developed nations apart from America has currently reduced from approximately $350 billion in 2004 to about $200 in 2006. A bigger part of this decline indicated a steep decline in balance of the euro-area. Therefore, contrary to the 1996-2004 periods except for America, industrial nations and developed nations have taken up a fraction of the increase in the total capital supply emerging from developing market economies. Aggregately, the current reduction in current account balances of i ndustrial economies other than the United States indicates a growth in rates of investments but rates of savings have largely remained the same. From the last few years the emerging markets have had an increase in the current account and saving surpluses. In the same period in the industrial nations current accounts have further plunged into deficits basically because of increased investment rates (Gerlach 1). The basic elements of the international saving glut still remain even though some elements have changed. The international markets are supplied financial capital by nations of the emerging market and producers of oil. The blends of the fund suppliers and the factors which motivate the supply have changed considerably. The larger share of aggregate surplus of developing nations is attributed to oil exporters and China. In the last few decades, the expansion of the total supply of saving of the region basically indicates a growth in the preferred saving by the emerging market na tions while the preceding growth in the total saving included some reduction in the preferred investments in East Asia following the 1990 financial crisis. Policies of exchange rate have also affected the preferred savings in Asia. Additional growth in total capital flow from developing nations other things being constant should have further discouraged real rates of interest globally. Although interest rates have increased currently, this does not mean that the global saving glut has been driven away. It implies that, the preferred total investment of preferred saving should have increased in the industrial nations enough to counteract any growth in the desired saving by emerging market nations. In the last few decades, the total demand for saving in the industrial nations has increased due to economic growth and this has somehow increased the international real rates of interest. The current instability in financial markets and the shareholders demand to have bigger compensation h as had an effect on the premiums due to the unsustainable low levels. Global imbalances have played a key role in the occurrence of the financial crisis by discouraging real rates of interest and supporting the search for yield. Central banks around the world were not the ones responsible for triggering this phenomenon but they accommodated it (Yuechun 1). Macroeconomic policy The monetary policy is not the best way of dealing with current global imbalances and the resulting capital flows and developments of asset price. Therefore, much significance should be attached to fiscal policy. Even if global cooperation is advantageous, it is not expected to attain so much every time there is a conflict with vital domestic policy matters. Nonetheless, the agreements reached at the G-20 summit in Pittsburg increase people’s expectations that cooperation can and will be improved. From 1996, the current account deficits of the United States rose steadily and peaked in 2005 reaching 1.65 % of world GDP and later contracting in 2006 to 2008. The deficits were predicted to further decline in 20009 through to 2010. Huge deficits were run by nations in Eastern Europe, Ireland, United Kingdom, Portugal, Spain, and Greece which are also current account deficit nations. Balancing these deficits were the huge surpluses operated by Japan, Germany, China, and a collection of emerging market nations from Asia. At the time of the financial crisis, the monetary policy was not strict enough and this was its main problem. It did not allow lowering of the interest rates before the existing recession is just a negligible mistake. Current account balance definitely show decisions of households and institutions to save and invest as well decisions of the government sector to finance existing spending through borrowing or taxation. Economic imbalances are therefore the consequence of choices of a big collection of economic agents at home and abroad because ignoring measurement matters, the current account deficit must be equal to zero. It is not advantageous to have the current accounts of all nations in equilibrium. Income expectations are very crucial because fast growth of the economy would cause deficits in the current accounts since the economy spends against future income. People therefore expect to experience deficits in many transition countries which they do, and surpluses in Japan and Germany which are developing gradually for structural situations such as aging populations and inexistence structural reform. China and several emerging countries from Asia are running huge surpluses. The reason for this is that due to the 1997-1998 financial crises in Asia which came after a huge price increase in assets which was characterized by a large increase in capital stock, investment obviously went down causing a huge imbalance between savings and investments and a surplus of the current account (NTNU 1). More of the facets which were in support of the shift were the necessity to restructure reserves of foreign exchange after the crisis, the aspiration of making sure that the situation does not reoccur by accumulating huge reserves of foreign exchange, the reluctance in various economies to experience the appreciation of real exchange rates due to the costs that would have on the income distribution, and unavailability of social safety nets which became apparent in the crisis and supported private saving. This indicates that imbalances of the current accounts have many causes and indicate a wide variety of past and present economic policies. Global cooperation (opening borders) The historic dedication of global leaders to develop the millennium development goals has restated the simple and plain fact that the important element to make the world a better place for living in is a global cooperation. The function of global trade in this view is very clear because it has always been an acknowledged suggestion that a non-discriminatory and easy multilateral trading system can lead to growth and development. A successful ending of the Doha Development Round of negotiations will greatly help global governments in attaining the millennium development goals. The recent developments in the global economy have led to a more cooperative trading setting for governments to make use of their comparative advantage. The global economy in 2004 recorded a total tremendous performance with the highest expansion of output in more than a decade. The World Bank stated that developing economies fully share in this expansion because they experienced their fastest growth in GDP in the past few decades. Growth of trade was strong with the share of the developing nations in the merchandise exports reaching 31% in a 50 year peak (Drysdale 1). The reasons for such a success include the increase in the prices of goods from robust international demand for raw materials and a strong expansion in the exports of manufactured products. Such reasons have greatly contributed to the enhancement of LCDs’ export performance and also explain the reason in 2004, all the major developing nations; particularly Asian economies had surpluses in both current accounts and trade. The emergence of China as one of the main traders of manufactured products in the world has had a positive impact on the global trade. In 2004, the share of China of the global exports was twice the same level a decade ago by 8%. In recent years, the role of China as the market for raw materials has sharply increased. In 2004, the share of China in the global fuels imports was approximately 4.5%. However, in 2004, the total performance of trade was blurred by the presence of huge imbalances in current accounts especially between East Asia and the United States. The economic imbalances broadened in 2005, a situation which poses various risks for the future expansion of the international economy and particularly for global trade. The current account deficit of the United States is equal to 7% of global trade products and a reduction or stabilization of this deficit through a slowdown of the imports of the United States could have a severe impact on the expectations of international trade expansion. 2004 is possibly a reflection of trade and economic development (NTNU 1). A majority of economic predictors forecast that international trade and expansion of output in developing and developed nations will be weaker in coming years compared to 2004. As a result of the strong 9% global trade growth in 2004, the secretariat of World Trade Organization forecasts growth of real trade to be 6.5% by 2010. The data that supports this forecast indicates a steeper slow down of trade in Asia and Eastern Europe. World Trade Organization members are eagerly waiting for the world economic situation to improve. The results of their negotiations are an essential input to the efforts of the global community to attain the millennium development goals. Global trad e can be a very effective and powerful driver for alleviating poverty and improving the well being of the economy. The effectiveness of global trade depends on a wide range of issues. It is very exciting to note that developed economies are not waiting for the completion of negotiations so as to improve the access of market opportunities for developing economies. In the year 2003 approximately two thirds of exports from developing nations entered the markets of developed countries duty free (NTNU 1). Also developed countries allowed about two thirds of exports from less developed nations to enter their markets duty free. In the last few years, these numbers have been gradually rising but in spite of such accomplishments there is a lot which can be done to further improve global trade. Various studies have indicated that the level of protection residue in the developed nations is discriminatory against products of export interest to less developed and developing economies. The suppor t offered by the governments of developed nations to their agricultural sector still limits access of markets for agricultural exports from developing nations. Governments in developing countries have been strict in their commitment to contribute towards developing an open and free system of trading. However, they realize that a lot of work needs to be done in order to open their markets particularly to merchandise originating from other developing nations. In developing countries, the average taxes are much more than those of developed nations. A reduction in such barriers to trade can stimulate global trade. The involvement of the multilateral and global trade system is not restricted to Millennium development goals and alleviation of poverty. Improved access of markets for all traded products with an efficient multilateral system based on rules may help the efforts to accomplish the MDGs related to the environment and health. Trade negotiation cannot define the success in accompl ishing the MDGs. The issue here is making trade work as a means for development which can only take place when openness is realized in a situation of logical economic policies. Successful negotiations which concentrate on conditions of accessing markets and committed support from the government in agriculture together with conditions of debt access and improved support will put national governments in a better position to accomplish the MDGs. Conclusion Due to the undesirable fluctuations in the market for real estate the growth of the United States was restricted. Even though the private consumption continued to grow, the market for housing developed slowly, investments were at a very low level, and the slow demand did not permit successful development of the industry. According to international monetary fund, an increase in the United States’ growth rates in 2007 is predicted to be 2.2% and the growth may continue to increase. The economy of China developed slowly at the st art of 2006 particularly because of unpredicted consumption deterioration but the growth was rapid in the second quarter of the year. Owing to the likelihood of a decline in exports and irregular private consumption, the economy of Japan was estimated to be at 2.3% in 2008. In 2006, the old EU members experienced a stable national demand and a growth in investments. Positive indicators were seen in the labor market evident in a low rate of unemployment. In addition, increased growth rates were indicated by the new EU member states. The exports have rather increased rapidly including the increasing demand from the old EU member states. Increases have also been indicated the rate of employment and in the national demand. The stated risks include a decline of external demand and downturn of financial conditions. Investors from overseas may be unwilling to invest in this global region in the future. According to the calculations of the IMF therefore, the growth in this region in 2007 wa s slightly slower compared to 2006 but come 2008 the growth decreased slightly. Since 2006, the section of common wealth of independent states has been growing successfully. The origin of the growth is basically exports encouraged by the increase in the prices of energy products as well as the steadily growing domestic demand. The status of current accounts of oil exporting nations has really gotten better. However, the current accounts of the other nations have gone down owing to the growing imports. Since the export demand and imports are decreasing these nations may experienced a decrease in growth in the future. Works Cited Drysdale, Peter. â€Å"Fixing global economic imbalances†. EastAsiaForum: Economics,  politics and public policy in East Asia and the pacific. (2011). Web. Gerlach, Stefan. â€Å"Future development of global imbalance†. University of Frankfurt:  Institute for monetary and financial stability. (2010). Web. NTNU Globalization Research Programm e. â€Å"Research focus area: Global economics flows, governance and stability†. Norwegian university of science and stability. Web. Yuechun, Jiang. â€Å"Imbalance of the world economy and challenges to the G2o†. China  institute of international studies. (2011). Web. This research paper on Global Trade Imbalance was written and submitted by user Natalia Brennan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Example of Essay Writing

Example of Essay Writing Example of Essay Writing Example of Essay Writing According to our competent essay writers, If is always useful to read a couple of examples of essay writing. Indeed, having a great example of written essay in front of you gives you confidence to proceed with your own writing. The following excerpts of essays are posted here with the hope to assist you with your essay writing. The first sample is argumentative essay on death while the second one is persuasive essay on the same issue. If you are in need of professional essay/paper writing help, you do not hesitate to order custom paper writing services at our site and you will get a well-written essay crafted to your specific instructions and requirements! Examples of Argumentative Essays We are all familiar with the fact that college essays devoted to the topic of death have increased dramatically within the last decade or so. Interest has been directed not only to the act of dying, but also to related essays topics such as euthanasia, capital punishment, abortion, heart transplants, and after-death experiences. One result of this increased attention to such college essays topics is that children are frequently exposed to death concerns. In addition, since the media attention given to the Kennedy assassination, there has been a societal imprimatur for children to participate in funeral services and mourning rituals. Finally, we have come to acknowledge the existence of childhood depression and suicide, phenomena that previously were denied. Thus, discussions of current argumentative essays topic related to death are now more widely disseminated. We have clearer notions of children's interest in and exposure to death-related college essay topics, and are more aware that children must think about death and dying. Paradoxically, children have less first-hand exposure to death within a close familial setting, since grandparents and elderly relatives are often sequestered in their own homes, in retirement villages, or in institutions. Children no longer witness the playing out of the entire life cycle Examples of Persuasive Essays Many of us may have difficulty dealing with the essays topics of death. Research indicates that teenagers may have particular problems coping with the loss of a loved one. One reason is that teenagers do not have much exposure to death beyond the television set and therefore have no real experience in dealing with it. Today's teenagers may well be the first generation that has been so insulated from personal experience with death. The use of various preventive techniques and new drugs has greatly diminished mortality among children. Those within the growing population of aged persons are less subject than their predecessors to death from acute illnesses such as pneumonia. Most deaths among the elderly now result from chronic and degenerative diseases and usually occur in hospitals or nursing homes. Death is removed from sight by the fact that grandmothers and grandfathers die in institutions rather than at home. Of the 2 million people who will die this year in the United States, two-thirds will be 65 years of age or older. Teenagers account for 6 percent of deaths in the United States. The most common causes of these deaths are automobile accidents, drug abuse, fad diets, and an increasing number of suicides Follow this link to read sample of the descriptive essay: Interesting posts: Thesis Format PhD Thesis Writing Master Thesis History Thesis Dissertation Topics

International Business Strategy Case Study Essay

International Business Strategy Case Study - Essay Example The later developments in the project suggested that the Shell has not been able to maintain the same level of control in the project. The overall bargaining power of Shell continuously declined owing to different factors despite the fact that it has been able to secure the relative favor from the government in the initial phase of the project. What is also important to understand that the negotiation process does not involved all the stakeholders in the project and resultant the take off of the project fell victim of the pressure to the various stakeholders involved in the project? According to the analysts, the deal has been in favor of both the parties owing to the fact that both the parties were better off during the negotiation process. One of the essential elements of good negotiation process is to ensure that a win win situation emerges for every player involved in the negotiation process. In these negotiations, both the parties to the negotiation were given the share in the p roject in such a manner that both the parties were better off at the end of negotiation. ... This was only the direct result of not involving all the stakeholders during the negotiation process. The overall shift in the bargaining power from Shell to Russian government therefore was owing to the fact that all the stakeholders were not adequately involved in the process thus resulting into a shift towards the greater bargaining power for the Russian government. This shift was also a result of the Russian policy of gaining direct control of the oil and gas exploration facilities while at the same time allowing foreign firms to actively involved in the exploration services while remaining under the direct control or supervision of State owned organizations such as Gazprom. Assessment of the group processes During the completion of the assignment and attending of different sessions, it became clear for me that the case study approach can provide students an opportunity to actually look into the real life examples and learn from them. The range of different case studies therefore provided a set of interesting case studies which held the overall interest and allowed me to learn the practical side of managing different aspects of an organization. What also went good were the composition of the class and the diversity of the students in the class. People of different background and experiences therefore allowed to put case studies in different perspectives and understand and explored different dynamics of the case studies. It is also important to note that the split of the tasks also allowed us to save time while at the same time gather more information about Russia and its oil and gas sector. This also allowed us to discuss with the students having specialized knowledge about oil and gas sector in order to broaden our overall scope of

Rigid Bodies and Application to Snooker Assignment

Rigid Bodies and Application to Snooker - Assignment Example In this project I made a study of main laws and principles of rigid body dynamics from the practical and theoretical point of view: as solutions to theoretical and practical exercises are provided. It required review and deeper study of vector analysis and analytical geometry. Rigid body in mechanics is a system of material points, which doesn't change in time. So it's an idealized system for which the distance between its particles remains constant in time under any motion. Phenomenological mechanics considers rigid body to be a solid matter, in which particles are subjected to internal forces in the form of normal and tangent tensions. Such tensions are caused by external deformations. In case they're re no deformations, there are no tensions inside rigid body. In many cases deformations are so small that can be neglected. So such model is an idealized rigid body, which is not able to deform and even though internal tensions can take place because of external forces. Rigid body is a mechanical system with six degrees of freedom. In order to define the position of a rigid body it's enough to know the position of at least 3 points: A, B, C, which do not belong to one line. In order to prove that rigid body is described by six degrees of freedom we have to take point D. ... (XA-XB)^2+(YA-YB)^2+(ZA-ZB)^2=AB^2=const (XC-XB)^2+(YC-YB)^2+(ZC-ZB)^2=CB^2=const (XA-XC)^2+(YA-YC)^2+(ZA-ZC)^2=AC^2=const Because the lengths of sides of triangle ABC remain the same. So only six coordinates are left independent - rigid body has 6 degrees of freedom. If the body has fixed points the number of freedoms degrees reduces. If rigid body is fixed in one point - it has 3 degrees of freedom, if rigid body can only rotate around one axis is has one degree of freedom, if a body can slide across axis it has two degrees of freedom. In order to understand how x(t) and R(t) change over time we should remind the following formulas: Resultant is v= V+ [w, R] (using vector properties). Kinetic energy of a rigid body is total kinetic energy of rotation plus total kinetic energy of motion: T=.5 mv^2 + 0.5Iw^2 Where I is moment of inertia of a rigid body (mass analogue for rotational motion) Moment of inertia is defined as I=miRi^2. Moment of inertia is additive so moment of inertia of a rigid body is formed from the sum of inertia moments of its parts. Any body, independently from rotational motion or rest has definite moment of inertia. Mass distribution in the limits of a body can be characterized by density: p=m/V So moment of inertia can be expressed as I=piRi^2Vi, if density is constant: I=pRi^2Vi In limit it can be expressed in the following integral: I=R^2dm=pR^2dV The inertia tensor is a set of nine values (which can be written in the form of 3X3 matrix), which shows the dependence of shape and distribution of mass in the rigid body caused by its rotational motion. It's often explained as a scaling factor between angular momentum and angular velocity.1 Inertia tensor matrix has the following structure and its components are calculated

Unit 5 DB - Regression Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 5 DB - Regression Analysis - Essay Example Linear regression is the type of regression which identifies the relationship of two significant variables (dependent and independent) (Seber & Lee, 2012). For example the analyst would try to relate the haziness of aircraft’s glass (dependent variable) with ice deposits (independent variable). Linear regression signifies the direct relationship between two such variables (Weisberg, 2005). The following equation represents the regression equation, where Y is the dependent variable which is dependent on X independent variables, a is the intercept while b denotes slope of the line X (Hoffmann, 2005). In the section of criminal justice, the analysts often use multiple analytical tools to make better judgments and decisions on the field. Regression is one tool which criminologists often apply to identify relationships between two adjacent variables like crime conviction or criminal’s behaviors. Analysts use regression coefficients to identify which strategy is more effective than the other on crime control section. According to one report of Federal government, a number of researchers came out from University of Nebraska in the year 1990, who utilized regression analysis tool to assess the influence of investment on crime rates. The analysis identified the relationship between two variables by identification of correlations and linear equation, which are fundamentally deterministic by linear regression analysis tool. This came out to be a sufficient tool of correlation analysis which later on got applied in the criminal justice section. Still today several criminologists us e linear regression model to identify the relationship of two significant variables (Weisburd & Britt, 2007, p.

Drivers For Internationalization In Aerospace Management Essay

Drivers For Internationalization In Aerospace Management Essay The papers in this portfolio are all related to the strategic decisions that corporate organizations make in order to expand their share of the ever-growing global market, while ensuring that their competitors are not able to replicate their formula for success. Three of the papers discuss specific companies-Tesco, Rolls-Royce, Carrefour and Wal-Mart-thus giving the impression of a mini case study on how these global players strategize their way into market domination and superior firm performance. The third and final paper is a general discussion on George Yips model on internationalization drivers as these are applied in the civil aerospace engine manufacturing and the global grocery retailing industries. Students, scholars and practitioners alike will benefit from the lessons and analyses made in these papers because they show a thoughtful and realistic look into the workings of different corporate organizations while utilizing different business concepts. At the end of the day, this portfolio is designed to show the students ability to comprehend and analyze practical business dilemmas in light of existing theory. Drivers for internationalization George Yip proposed his model of the drivers for the growth of international strategy among corporate organizations. He introduced four main categories of drivers that were key in determining the extent of globalization within a particular industry. These are: Market globalization drivers Cost globalization drivers Government globalization drivers Competitive globalization drivers A company that exhibits less of these drivers is characterized as being local in nature, and conversely a company with a higher number of the drivers are becoming more global both in outlook and in operation. These drivers are not stand-alone, however, because they in fact influence on another in a cycle that determines a corporate organizations readiness to join the ranks of global companies. Stated otherwise, these internationalization drivers are governed by four different factors: technology, social and demographic considerations, politics and legislation, and economic and political considerations. All in all, should a company wish to transform its operations from that of a local industry to an international one, it should pay attention to the different factors that can make or break its ability to participate actively in the global market. While there are of course other factors that may influence a companys eventual success in going global, Yips model gives us a simplified and practical view of what it would take for a company to launch itself into the global playing field and claim its share of global consumers. Different industries and different corporate organizations vary greatly in their capacity for globalization, especially because the nature of the products/services they offer as well as the consumers who avail of them are vastly distinct from one another. Let us compare the global grocery retailing industry and the civil aerospace engine manufacturing industry as an example. We can compare the two in this manner: Global grocery retailing industry Civil aerospace engine manufacturing industry Market driver High Low Cost driver High High Government High Low Competitive High High Countries that have the most advantageous combination of as many drivers as possible are preferred by global companies, as a market for their products/services, as a home base or both. As we can see from the table above, the global retail industry actually has better potential for pushing a global strategy. This is evidenced by the relatively recent entry of new global grocery retailing brands such as Wal-Mart into previously untapped markets like China. Because of the high tendency for globalization, other retail companies are also beginning to look in to the possibility of expanding their business overseas in order to benefit from a bigger customer base. Carrefour, Wal-Mart and the Chinese market The entry of big international players in the Chinese local market in recent years has shown that China is the new gold rush for global companies looking to expand their share of the market. The global grocery retailing industry is just one of the many business sectors that have come to China to make the most out of the millions of consumers who will avail of their products and services. The bid to make China the next biggest market for the global retail industry started in 1992 when the country opened up its retail industry to foreign investors like Carrefour and Wal-Mart. Carrefour entered the market three years later by opening a partnership with a Chinese management consulting firm, creating an entity called Jia Chuang. While other companies treated the Chinese market as one big bloc of consumers, Carrefour looked considered it to be composed of many smaller markets. It opted to create regional offices which were in charge of the expansion programs for different areas of the country, instead of having a centralized national operations network. Carrefour continues to carry out its expansion strategy by depending on local distributors, who supervise the delivery of their products straight to the stores from the regional centres. The company believes that flexibility is a priority consideration especially when operating in a relatively new market. The cost of development is lower because Carrefour is able to build its network store by store while keeping issues about uniformity of service and quality control in check. As for Wal-Mart, they see the challenges of the Chinese retail market differently. Unlike Carrefour, Wal-Mart is putting its investments on a centralized distribution system that is headquartered in Kengzian. The new centre boasts of a 40,000 square meter facility that has been created to handle simultaneous deliveries with up to 70 bays. But like Carrefour, Wal-Mart has also entered the Chinese domestic market by partnering with a local firm, a Taiwanese retail firm named Trust-Mart. Wal-Marts emphasis on back-end operations is almost the exact opposite of Carrefours customer-first strategy, although the latter seems to be on the upper hand in terms of actual market share and profitability. However, at some point Carrefour will also need to pay attention to its back-end to maximize the strong dynamics among its stores. Its current strategy is working well for Chinas market environment but new developments will have to be introduced in the future. No global retailer has yet launched an all-out expansion into China without creating a joint venture with a local company, which is a strategy that enables them to ease slowly but surely into the market instead of going in without a clue as to how the market actually works from the inside. However, it would be more disadvantageous for a global company not to try breaking into the Chinese business scene. The market is rich with millions and millions of consumers who are only too willing to try new the products and services that have suddenly become available to them thanks to the opening up of the market. Care must be made in making these new foreign financial investments work in order to ensure that the companies will see good returns on their investments. Companies must not be deluded by the promise of a huge new market and fall behind their usual standards for doing business. Tescos core strategies and VMO Tesco is one of the leaders in the global retailing industry. The company started in the United Kingdom in the late 1920s and has since grown to be one of the most robust and successful supermarket companies in the world today. Tescos core strategy is founded on their desire to attract and maintain customers who will become their lifetime partners. The company espouses the belief that their corporate success is dependent on their ability to meet the demands of people-both the people who work for them and the people who shop with them. Tescos two-pronged approach misses out on no opportunity to improve not only their service and products, but also their international relationship with their staff. This is reflective of the current thinking among corporate organizations today that a companys human capital is more than just another factor of production-they are in fact the backbone of a company and they make it possible for the corporate strategies to be carried out effectively. Paauwe and Boselie (2002) point out that the emergence of such a breed of HR management has been brought about by the fact that human capital is now seen as a source of competitive advantage. As for Tescos commitment to their customers, the company is firmly rooted in the belief that going the extra mile to satisfy their shoppers needs and requirements will go a long way towards ensuring their loyalty to Tesco. Loyalty is key to maintaining and expanding Tescos share in the retail market. If Tesco can give a customer superior service, then there are higher chances that that customer will keep shopping only at Tesco. But before Tesco can be first to meet their customers needs, they embark on a focused and in-depth study of their shoppers in order to anticipate what they require. Tesco employs what they call the Every Little Bit Helps strategy to ensure that they know exactly what their shoppers and their employees want. Tesco has designed five core business purposes: Be a successful international retailer Grow the core UK business Be equally strong in the food and non-food sectors Develop competitive retailing services Put the community at the core of all business activities. The Every Little Bit Helps strategy is Tescos way of translating these core objectives into actual strategies to help the company achieve its organizational goals. Without the concurrence of both strategy and purpose to guide a corporate organization, especially a global one like Tesco, there will be little chance for the company to have a clear direction of where it wants to go and how to go there. The core strategy and core purposes of Tesco are a way for the company to articulate what it wants to achieve within a given timeframe, as well as crafting the necessary steps to accomplish the goals that it had set for itself. As for Tesco, the company is imbued with the lesson that no organization will progress without considering the needs of its customers and its employees, so their approach is always to seek what is best for both in order to make the company number one. Strategic alliances and Rolls-Royce No man is an island-and even in businesses, this clichà © rings true today. Some organizations, particularly small-scale ones or those that have only just started doing business, may be better off finding their own niche in todays complex market, but there may come a time when they will have to form significant partnerships with other businesses in order to flourish and achieve sustained growth. The current state of the global business landscape today has forced organizations to come up with more creative ways of surviving and keeping ahead of their competitors. Some of the more important aspects that most companies today are focusing on to improve their overall performance are enhancing their brand identity, connecting with customers and attracting competent and highly-skilled workers (Isidro, 2000). Moreover, todays corporate managers are also facing a highly competitive environment that is increasingly complex, globally cantered, and technologically uncertain where there is a critical need for dynamic, flexible, and proactive responses (Miles, Preece, and Baetz, 1999). It is no longer enough to emphasize on creating and opportunities on their own, because independence also has its drawbacks. As a result of the various pressures that companies are facing, there is now an increased tendency among them to favour forging strategic partnerships and alliances as a viable business option. Elmut and Kathawala (2001) are also of the opinion that strategic alliances among corporate organizations are one of the most recent trends in the business community that have made it possible for companies to stay afloat despite serious drawbacks and difficulties. In the case of Rolls-Royce, the company has entered into almost 30 separate partnerships with different firms all over the world to help expand its share of the global market and build on its knowledge and technology base. Of the four reasons that Elmut and Kathawala (2001) outlined for the emergence of strategic alliances, it appears that there are two primary reasons for why Rolls-Royce has chosen to partner with different firms. For one thing, the company stands to gain from such partnership in terms of entering new markets with which it is unfamiliar. Brokering a deal with local corporations allows Rolls-Royce to expand its market while at the same time benefiting from the expertise of an old-timer in the market. Secondly, Rolls-Royce is also into strategic partnerships in order to obtain new technology and best quality at the cheapest cost. The company has four business divisions, all of which need intense research and development funding. Instead of going through their own R and D cycle, Rolls-Royce can share their knowledge and technology with their strategic partners at a much lower cost, thus ensuring that each division is well-maintained but is not draining the companys resources for continuous R and D. While Rolls-Royce can actually provide the funding for its own R and D, it is more cost-efficient for the company to trade information with its partners and make the product or service immediately available in the market. It must be noted, however, that it is not just Rolls-Royce who stands to reap all the wonderful benefits from the strategic alliance. Their partners also take advantage of the Rolls-Royce brand name and the companys existing network of contacts, suppliers and customers, giving the other partner a fair competitive advantage over its competitors in the local market. Strategic alliances are all about creating good working relationships with other companies in the industry and pooling together resources for the mutual benefit of the partners.

Change Foreign Policy to Win the War on Terrorism :: Politics Political Essays

There are many advocacy groups that have long been doing important good works in the international arena, but on issues that have not officially been seen as being a proper part of foreign policy: the environment, human rights, women's rights, the condition of children, labor, international public health issues (e.g., AIDS in Africa), sustainable development, refugees, international education, and so on. The metaphors that foreign policy experts have used to define what foreign policy is rules out these important concerns. Those metaphors involve self-interest (e.g., the Rational Actor Model), stability (a physics metaphor), industrialization (unindustrialized nations are "underdeveloped"), and trade (freedom is free trade). I would like to propose an alternative way of thinking about foreign policy under which all these issues would become a natural part of what foreign policy is about. The premise is that, when international relations work smoothly, it is because certain moral norms of the international community are being followed. This mostly goes unnoticed, since those norms are usually followed. We notice problems when those norms are breached. Given this, it makes sense that foreign policy should be centered around those norms. The moral norms I suggest come out of what I called in Moral Politics "nurturant morality." It is a view of ethical behavior that centers on (a) empathy and (b) responsibility (for both yourself and others needing your help). Many things follow from these central principles: fairness, minimal violence (e.g., justice without vengeance), an ethic of care, protection of those needing it, a recognition of interdependence, cooperation for the common good, the building of community, mutual respect, and so on. When applied to foreign policy, nurturant moral norms would lead the American government to uphold the ABM treaty, sign the Kyoto accords, engage in a form of globalization governed by an ethics of care-and it would automatically make all the concerns listed above (e.g., the environment, women's rights) part of our foreign policy. This, of course, implies (a) multilateralism, (b) interdependence, and (c) international cooperation. But these three principles, without nurturant norms, can equally well apply to the Bush administration's continuance of its foreign policy. Bush's foreign policy, as he announced in the election campaign, has been one of self-interest ("what's in the best interest of the United States")-if not outright hegemony (the Cheney/Rumsfeld position). The Democratic leaders incorrectly criticized Bush for being isolationist and unilateralist, on issues like the Kyoto accords and the ABM Treaty.

On Turning Ten

On Turning Ten Billy Collins Billy Collins was born in New York City in 1941. Collins is a member of the faculty of SUNY Stonybrook Southampton College, where he teaches poetry workshops. He was appointed as Poet Laureate of the United States from 2001 to 2003. He served as Poet Laureate in New York from 2004 to 2006. He has been named Senior Distinguished Fellow at the Winter Park Institute in Winter Park, Florida. In his early ages, he attended Archbishop Stepinac High School in White Plains and received a B.A. (English) from the college of the Holy Cross in 1963 and received his M. A. and PhD in English from the University of California, Riverside. Billy Collins has been called â€Å"The most popular poet in America† by the New York Times. The poem on Turning Ten by Billy Collins was written in 1996. The poem is about leaving the childhood behind and growing up. It gives new perspective on aging and how it feels when becoming old. Over the years, the U. S. agazine Poetry ha s awarded Collins several prizes in recognition of poems they publish. During the 1990s, Collins won five such prizes. The magazine also selected him as â€Å"Poet of the Year† in 1994. In 2005 Collins was the first annual recipient of its Mark Twain Prize for Humor in Poetry. He has received fellowships from the National Endowment for the Arts, the New York Foundation for the Arts and in 1993, from the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation.

The Rise Of Christianity And Religion Religion Essay Essays

The Rise Of Christianity And Religion Religion Essay Essays The Rise Of Christianity And Religion Religion Essay Essay The Rise Of Christianity And Religion Religion Essay Essay Christianity is a faith that developed from within Judaism and in which there is belief in merely one God. Christianity spread easy but steadily in the Roman Empire. The rise of Christianity was a powerful beginning. Teachings from Jesus, what Christianity had to offer, the persecution of Christians, and Constantine accepting Christianity were factors that led to the rise and success of Christianity. Rome took control of the Judaic Kingdom in A.D. 6 and made it portion of the Roman Empire. A few Jews, nevertheless, believed that they would one time once more be freed. Many Jews believed that God would direct a savior known as the Messiah who would reconstruct the Judaic Kingdom. That Messiah was named Jesus Christ. Jesus was born sometime around 6-4 B.C. , in the town of Bethlehem in Judea. Jesus was a public curate ; many of Jesus s instructions came from Judaic traditions. Jesus went from town to town and distribute his instructions and thoughts to people. He ignored the fact of wealth and position and cared more that his instructions had a particular entreaty peculiarly to the hapless. Jesus taught people that God had a personal relationship with each human being. He taught that people should love God, their neighbours, their enemies, and even themselves. He said, Blessed are the meek, for they shall inherit the Earth. Even though Jesus was going more popular, it was his dec ease and Resurrection that led people to believe that he was the Messiah. The Grecian word Christos means Messiah or savior and the word Christianity comes from the word Christ. Christian religion spread because it embraced all people and gave hope to the powerless. Christianity offered a personal relationship with God. This particularly appealed to the hapless because there was no cost to follow the faith. With other faiths, people had to do forfeits to be portion of that faith. Forfeits cost money which the hapless could non afford. However, with Christianity, the hapless were able to follow their faith without giving up anything or paying for forfeits. Christian religion was besides successful in distributing because it promised ageless life after decease. This appealed to many people. Other faiths promised merely as many old ages in the hereafter as a individual had lived. For illustration, if a individual lived for 70 old ages, they would merely acquire 70 old ages of goodness in his hereafter. In Christianity, it did non count how long you lived or the sort of life you led. God would forgive a individual s wickednesss and he would still acquire illustriousness in his ageless hereafter. Although Christianity was turning, the Roman Leaders became angry with Christians for non idolizing the Roman Gods. Christians refused to believe in any other Gods but their God. Roman swayers had more and more Christians persecuted as the Pax Romana crumbled. The swayers had the Christians exiled, imprisoned, and even executed for non believing in the Roman Gods. Some swayers even used the Christians as whipping boies. Regardless of the persecution of the followings, Christianity became a powerful force. Those people who were persecuted by the Romans were considered sufferer or people who were willing to give their lives for a belief or cause. Constantine, the Roman Emperor, was contending three challengers for leading of Rome. Before the conflict, Constantine prayed for aid. He claimed that he saw an image of a cross, the symbol of Christianity. He so ordered craftsmans to paint the Christian symbol on his soldiers shields. Flavius valerius constantinus and his ground forces were winning in the conflict. Constantine so credited his success largely to the aid of the Christian God. Constantine now accepted Christianity, so he announced an terminal to the persecution of the Christians. He so wanted Christianity to be one of the faiths approved by the emperor. Christianity continued to turn strongly. Later Emperor Theodosius declared Christianity the official faith of the Empire. Overall, the rise of Christianity was successful because it had so much to offer to people. There came good wagess that other faiths did non hold. It was free to follow Christianity ; other faiths made people sacrifice or wage. Since more Christians were persecuted, more people recognized what those people were contending for. The Christians were non traveling to allow some other swayers tell them what to believe and what non to believe. Even though Christians were persecuted for non idolizing the Roman Gods, those people sacrificed their lives to demo other people what their beliefs were and what their faith was. In the terminal, Christianity was successful because the emperor Theodosius made Christianity the Empire s official faith.

Gendered Pronouns and the Singular “They” - Proofread My Paper

Gendered Pronouns and the Singular â€Å"They† - Proofread My Paper Gendered Pronouns and the Singular â€Å"They† To refer to a man in the third person, we say â€Å"he.† To refer to a woman, we say â€Å"she.† But if we don’t want to specify the gender of someone in the third person, English comes up short. Our pronouns are increasingly inadequate. This is because there is no singular gender neutral pronoun. In academic writing, this can be problematic, so what should you do if you want to avoid using gendered pronouns in a paper? Why Are Gendered Pronouns a Problem? If we’re discussing a specific person whose gender is known, using â€Å"he† or â€Å"she† isn’t an issue. For example, if writing about Napoleon, it would be reasonable to discuss â€Å"his† funny hat. It is a very silly hat.(Photo: Thomas Quine/flickr) However, in academic writing we often refer to people in the abstract using non-gendered terms like â€Å"someone†. It’s difficult to know which pronouns to use with gender-neutral words like this, since both â€Å"he†/†his† and â€Å"she†/†her† imply a particular gender. Traditionally, academic writing has used â€Å"he† and â€Å"his† far more in these situations (this linguistic bias is even reflected in the U.S. Constitution, which states than â€Å"All men are created equal†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). As such, it was common to see phrases like: When someone makes a decision, he weighs up various possibilities. But social changes mean that most people are now uncomfortable with excluding all non-males from academic discourse. So what are the alternatives? â€Å"He or She† One option is alternating between â€Å"he† and â€Å"she† in a document, or you can use â€Å"he or she†: When someone makes a decision, he or she weighs up various possibilities. However, this can make the phrasing of sentences seem awkward. Some style guides, such as APA style, also discourage alternating between â€Å"he† and â€Å"she.† The Impersonal â€Å"One† or â€Å"You† Another possibility is using the impersonal pronoun â€Å"one† in place of gendered pronouns: When one makes a decision, one weighs up various possibilities. This is fairly common in British English, but in the U.S. it sounds pretty old-fashioned, so the second person â€Å"you† is favored instead: When you make a decision, you weigh up various possibilities. But this can sound informal or too conversational, as if you’re addressing the reader directly. Rephrasing the Sentence If none of the above are suitable, it might be a good idea to rephrase the sentence in a way that avoids using a gendered pronoun. For example, we could write: When making a decision, it is necessary to weigh up various possibilities. This is often the best choice as long as it doesn’t lead to sentences becoming too complicated. The Singular â€Å"They† Finally, an increasingly popular option is using the gender-neutral second-person pronoun â€Å"they† to refer to a single person of unknown gender. This avoids gendered language: When someone makes a decision, they weigh up various possibilities. However, some consider this informal or ungrammatical, since it involves using a plural verb (â€Å"weigh†) in combination with a singular subject (â€Å"someone†). The key thing is therefore to check your style guide and pick what works best for you.

Riodan Manufacturing Virtual Organization Assignment

Riodan Manufacturing Virtual Organization - Assignment Example This may be attributed to some members playing multiple roles. To address this, I will ensure that only the most able and experienced members of the team play the central role in addition to giving much focus to the difference for a higher level of effectiveness. Another barrier might be breakdown in communication resulting from misunderstanding or proper communication channels. I will solve this through ensuring members of the particular team bond in a bid to developing associations. The measures that will be put in place in a bid to ensure there is evaluation of the team and determine if the team is operating successfully include setting of targets in alignment with the company objectives. Whenever there is any deviation then a proper audit of the team needs to be conducted to ascertain the cause of the deviation and the necessary corrective measures. 2. Which of the available conflict management strategies is most appropriate for the current situation with Clyde and Dan? Provide your rationale, including what factors you considered in making your selection. The conflict management strategy that is the most appropriate for the current situation with Clyde and Dan is the competitive strategy. This is because the competitive strategy will not only prove to be critical for the company while it aims at having a competitive edge over its competitors, but it will also help the company strategies both in the short term and in the long run. In the event that the competitive strategy is not successful, my alternative strategy would be the compromise strategy. This is because the compromise strategy will provide the company with an opportunity of giving consideration to other options. This is further coupled by the fact that the compromise strategy provides the last option for consideration. The potential roadblocks that might be encountered while resolving the

Proposal Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Proposal - Dissertation Example From this we derive that dating is basically an activity of knowing each other over a longer period of time to see if a romantic relationship that is built within themselves should extend further or not. Online Dating An  internet dating service, commonly  known as  online dating, is a  dating system that gives the platform to people seeking for a romantic relationship. The individuals are able to meet their date online and can start a new romantic or sexual relationship through this online service. The online dating service provides its services through the help of  personal computers, the  Internet, and phones. It allows people to give their personal information, and requirements so that they can search for the individuals accordingly. The criteria they are asked to share include gender, age bracket, location and much more. There is also an option to upload one’s own photos on the website so that the other members of the website can view the photo. There are othe r services offered by the sites including  online chat, message boards, webcasts etc. There are various sites that do not charge for its registration whereas some require a monthly subscription fee. Usually the concept of online dating fills the distance gaps and that is the reason most of the members belong to a variety of backgrounds seeking a different types of relationships. But there always some sites that are more specific about the type of members, their interest, location, background or relationship. Aim of Research Project The topic of the research is well introduced. The following are the aim of this research paper: To analyze the concept and trend of online dating. To discuss the advantages and disadvantages of online dating. To see its effects and results, by closely monitoring and surveying the direct consumers. To have the insight of people involved in this business. To evaluate it from both a consumer and a business point of view to judge the practicability and feas ibility of this particular e-business. Background of Online Dating The online dating and its trend originated from a basic part of North American culture as the internet itself. Gradually the process and practice caught the eye of millions of people globally and hence the trend was spread. For Emily Livingston from  Match.com, one of the largest matchmaking website, the 1998 film, â€Å"You’ve got Mail†, became the inspiration and one step towards the global acceptance, as the film was a story of online romance. Talking about the native place of online dating today in North America, the membership of internet-based dating organizations are over 50 million. Refining itself over time and meeting the requirement, the service of online dating became more inclusive and sophisticated as it was a platform to initiate the relationships. Lately, the most practiced or the famous ritual was to approach someone you like through friends, bar encounters, blind dates, singles clubs , etc. Today, these practices are considered as outdated styles of the â€Å"bad old days† by many of us. In  2002, a  Wired  Magazine  article forecasted that, â€Å"Twenty years from now, the idea that someone looking for love without looking for it online will be silly, similar to skipping the card catalog to instead wander the stacks because the right books are found only by